Effect of anterior capsular polishing on the incidence of YAG capsulotomy

To study the effect of anterior capsule polishing during phacoemulsification on the incidence of post operative YAG laser capsulotomy. A retrospective controlled study of 159 patients who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification with anterior capsular polishing between October 1998 and March 2000. 169 age matched patients who underwent phacoemulsification but without anterior capsule polishing served as controls. Incidence of visually significant YAG capsulotomy, which improved the Snellen acuity for more than 1 line or at least 1 line with subjective improvements in symptoms. 2.51% of patients with anterior capsular polishing [Group 1] had YAG capsulotomy compared to 7.1% of patients in control group at one year. However, after two years, 11.3% of patients in Group I had YAG capsulotomy compared to 12.4% in Group 2. Anterior capsular polishing during cataract surgery may delay the opacification of posterior capsule during the early postoperative period. But does not decrease the incidence of YAG capsulotomy after two years

Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in national Hockey players of Pakistan

To determine prevalence of Exercise-induced Bronchospasm [EIB] in hockey players, who had represented or were aspiring to represent Pakistan at international level. An observational, cross-sectional study was done on the prevalence of EIB in national hockey players of Pakistan. All participants of the training camp [n=27] players were included in this study, after obtaining permission from the Pakistan Hockey Federation. An acquaintance session was conducted to introduce the study, and for the correct recording of Peak Expiratory Flow [PEF] rate. On field-testing day, pulse and PEF rates were measured first without any exercise and warm up [pre-exercise PEF rate]. After competitive 6 minute [6-min] field free running, pulse rate was measured to ensure that players heart rate has reached 70% of the predicted maximum heart rate. PEF and pulse rates were measured at 5-min, 15-min and 30-min post exercise. A player was considered EIB positive based on a post exercise decrement in PEF rate

objective structured practical examination to test students in experimental physiology

OBJECTIVE: To develop a competency based discriminatory assessment method for physiology practical examination. METHOD: Results from 1st professional M.B.B.S. Part I and II of three batches were taken and students performance in traditional and objective structured practical examination [OSPE] were compared. The course objective for practical examination of all three batches were same. However, Batch II appeared in the conventional examination, while Batches III and IV were examined by OSPE. The mean score of Batch II was 68 +/- 6, of Batch III 53 +/- 13 and Batch IV 50 +/- 16. Batch II had thus an overall higher score as compared to Batches III and IV. The comparison of mean scores using ANOVA showed a significant [P <.001] difference between scores of Batch II as compared to Batches III and IV. Tukey's pair wise comparison of the batches showed a significant difference between batches II and III [95% CI for difference: 9.1, 20.5 with P < 0.001] and batches II and IV [95% CI for difference: 12.2, 23.6 with P < 0.001]. However, no significant difference was found between batches III and IV [95% CI for difference: -2.6, 8.8 with P = 0.27]. The result also showed that Batch II with conventional method of examination had a lesser spread around the mean [scores ranging from 52 to 81] as compared to Batch III [25 to 80] and Batch IV [14 to 90]. OSPE is an effective tool to discriminate between good and poor performers in physiology practical examinations

Spontaneous rupture of common bile duct

Spontaneous rupture of the common bile duct [CBD] or common hepatic duct [CHD] is so rare that most of the surgeons are unlikely to encounter such a case but once in life time. If the operator faces this situation, then he is in a dilemma how to proceed in such a case. Two unusual cases of rupture in children without any demonstrable lesion in biliary tract are reported

Sweat glands in man and horse [a light-microscope study]

The sweat glands of horse and man were studied under the same histological conditions by light microscopy. Van Gieson's stain showed two types of secretory cells in both the species. In human sweat glands some cells, which could be resting cells, were seen between secretory and myoepithelial cells. In both species the mode of secretion was eccrine and apocrine in nature

Dermo-epidermal junction in buffalo

The structure of dermo-epidermal junction was studied in the buffalo skin. In this species, it was found to be formed of mostly collagen fibres. Some reticular and elastic fibres were also seen. The collagen fibres were seen to pass in between the cell of stratum basale to reach the cells of the deepest layer of stratum spinosum and formed a fringe of fibres. This structure was mostly seen at the bases of epidermal ridges. Additionally, the fibres were seen interdigitating with the cytoplasmic processes of cells of the stratum basale